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A calvary (''calvaire'' in French) is a type of monumental public crucifix, sometimes encased in an open shrine, most commonly found across northern France from Brittany east and through Belgium and equally familiar as wayside structures provided with minimal sheltering roofs in Italy and Spain. The Breton ''calvaire'' is distinguished from a simple crucifix cross by the inclusion of three-dimensional figures surrounding the Crucifixion itself, typically representing Mary and the apostles of Jesus, though later saints and symbolic figures may also be depicted. In northern France and Belgium, such wayside calvaries erected at the junction of routes and tracks "function both as navigation devices and objects of veneration", Nicholas J. Saunders has observed〔Saunders, "Crucifix, Calvary, and Cross: Materiality and Spirituality in Great War Landscapes", ''World Archaeology'' 35.1, The Social Commemoration of Warfare (June, 2003:7-21), p. 9.〕 "Since medieval times they have fixed the landscape, symbolically acquiring it for the Christian faith, in the same way that, previously, Megalithic monuments marked prehistoric landscapes according to presumed religious and ideological imperatives". The oldest surviving ''calvaire'' is at the Chapelle Notre-Dame-de-Tronoën in the town of Saint-Jean-Trolimon, in south Finistère, near the Pointe de la Torche. This is raised on a large base which also includes carved representations of the Last Supper and scenes from the passion. Calvaires played an important role in Breton pilgrimages known as Pardons, forming a focal point for public festivals. In some instances the Calvary forms part of an outdoor pulpit or throne. Calvaires are to be found in large numbers throughout Brittany, and come in many varied forms.〔(New York Times, ''Brittany's Church Towns'' Harris, AP, October 16, 1994 )〕 A 16th-century ''calvaire'' from Louargat, Brittany, transplanted to serve as a World War I memorial, stands at the ''Carrefour de la Rose'' near the Belgian town of Boezinge north of Ypres.〔Saunders 2003:10 and illus.〕 The most notable Calvary monument outside Brittany is at Lourdes. This was specifically intended to represent Breton Catholicism. It was created by the sculptor Yves Hernot in 1900 as a gift to Lourdes from the main Breton dioceses: Rennes, Vannes, Quimper and Saint-Brieuc.〔(Lourdes Official Website )〕〔Don Sharkey, ''After Bernadette: The Story of Modern Lourdes'', Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p.92.〕 The monument comprises a single central cross set within a raised square base at each corner of which a statue of one of the witnesses to the crucifixion is placed. ==Gallery== Image:Calvary - Rosary Square - Lourdes 2014.JPG|The ''Breton Calvary'' at Lourdes designed by Yves Hernot. Image:ND de Tronoën Calvaire 2B.jpg|15th-century calvaire at Notre-Dame de Tronoën, Brittany. Image:Bretagne Finistere StJeanTrolimon 11037.jpg|The calvaire at St Jean Trolimon, in Finistère Image:Saint-Tugen_Calvaire_26061.jpg|Calvaire at Saint-Tugen Chapel, Primelin, Brittany (second half of the 16th century). Image:Pleubian chaire ext 102005.jpg|Calvaire in Pleubian. File:Hernot.JPG|''Calvary of Protest'' in Tréguier File:Paul Gauguin 028.jpg|Paul Gauguin's painting ''The Green Christ'', depictring the Calvary of Névez File:Castro Barbudo, calvario.JPG|Calvary at Castro Barbudo, Galicia File:Cruceiro das Trece Cruces, Catoira.jpg|''Cruceiro'' at Catoira, Galicia File:Negreira.A Ponte Maceira.Galiza.jpg|A Ponte Maceira, Negreira, Galicia File:Pastoriza, Arteixo -Casa Villariza 07.jpg|A Pastoriza, Arteixo, Galicia File:Vilanova de Arousa.Galicia.33.jpg|Vilanova de Arousa, Galicia File:Guitiriz, S. Pedro de Buriz, Calvario da Graña.JPG|''Cruceiro'' at Guitiriz, Galicia File:Cruceiro e ábsida de S. Xoán de Portomarín.JPG|''Cruceiro'' at Portomarín, Galicia 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Calvary (sculpture)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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